写在开头
之前为了考托福记的笔记,后来也不了了之了,图一乐
词性
名词
可数与不可数
可数名词不要单写 a n./ the n. + 定语
名词在句首一般为主语
A of B A 为核心词
n. asldjahflsj 谓语
动词
- 作谓语 ...做什么...
及物动词 vt. 必须直接加宾语
不及物动词 vi. 不能加宾语
look at/agree with/deal with可以视作整体及物
发生: happen/ occur/ take place
增长: rise
没有被动
形容词
adj. 形容名词 ...的
形容词大部分前置
This is a book important in my country. 后置形容词修饰book
连词
- 加句子 引导一个句子
并列的两句话: and or but so
- 关系连词:
when if who how although while
也不能单独引导一句话
介词
后面加名词, 动名词
介词短语的作用:
- 修饰名词
I can play soccer in my school. (定语,踢在学校的足球,修饰足球) - 修饰动词
I can play soccer in my school. (状语,修饰在学校踢)
by doing
经典介词
in 在...范围 实在范围/虚拟范围
on 在上面 impact/effect on n.(影响,冲击笼罩在...)
for 介词 为了
连词 因为 后面加句子 = becauseof 对于
a of b of c a为核心词with 和/用
to A to B a -> b
be of n.= have adj. this book is of importance = this book is important = this book has importance
over 加数字 超过
抽象名词 to/of 对于 someone think over somethingacross 遍布 跨越
around 遍布
V around
go around
walk around
lie aroundabout 关于
+ 跟数字有关的词 大约between a and b between 名词复数 between books
at 在
副词
修饰 动词/形容词/副词
冠词
- 一个 泛指
the. 特指 翻译成"这个"
代词
the -> 代词 the可以替换成代词
代词在阅读中要找指代
- this 主语 代替上一句话
- it
量词
A n. of 大量...
a of b 如果a为量词,则核心为b
a lot of booksa number of
the number of + 可数
an amount of
the amount of + 不可数 a great deal of + 不可数a large sum of 一般用于形容钱
句型
主谓宾
I love you
I am happy
I am in school (视为介词短语作宾语)
主定语谓宾 (特殊情况,注意提取主谓)
定语 = adj. 修饰名词
状语 = adv. 修饰动词
主语从句
主语本身是句子
句子作主语,谓语用单数
- how/what/where 引导
what you eat is apples (what指代了吃的宾语,所以主语从句略去宾语)
how you play soccer hurts you (how表示怎么做,所以需要省略定状语) - that/how to 引导
That you play tennis is interesting (that引导的句子本身,不替代成分)
How to play soccer is a question.
宾语从句
阅读中that有可能省略 i think that i like to play soccer
i think you like to play soccer
定语从句可以继续使用从句,比如:
i think that that you play tennis is interesting
状语从句
关系连词+分句, 主句(主谓宾)
Although I think that that these books are good is interesting, 主句(although后面引导的都是从句)
本质:修饰动词
When i was in school, i can play soccer. (状语从句表示主句的位于发生的条件或修饰)
主句(主谓宾),关系连词+分句
- while
- 分句有进行时 一般是“当”
- 没有进行时 一般是尽管=although
- although/though/while
asfhkajsfhka, though aslfjkfajlf (though出现在逗号后面时,可以一般翻译为但是)
- as
介词: 作为 + n.
连词: 句子- 当/随着
- 因为 主句一个现象,as sakhjdah
- 正如 as sb/sth v 句首/插入语
忽略第一个as,第二个as翻译成正如
this city is as good as shanghai = this city is good as shanghai (as...as中的内容可以和第一个as前相连即可) - 当/随着
定语从句
本质为形容词
I like this book that is red 定语从句只和修饰的部分有关
专有名词+定语从句 I like WTO 20 years ago, which ... 大部分情况下专有名词之后都是解释专有名词的定语从句
- 没有逗号 that/which/
I like this book that is red
先行词作宾语
that/which可以省略
I like this book he read 从前往后读,找出主谓宾后定位从句
This book he read is good - 加逗号
I like to read this book, which which可以代替主句或者book
看到定语从句要去判断修饰那个词
, which是非限制性定语从句,因为其修饰的可以是前面的句子或名词, , +介词+which不是非限,因为介词存在限定了只能修饰名词
- 介词+which+完整句子
有介词的定从是不会修饰前面一句话的
I like this book in which there are words 本质作状语
翻译时先顺序翻译主句,然后理解介词本身的意思, 将前面的名词替换到which,接着翻译从句的内容 - where和when引导的定语从句
Where 修饰地点(指任何可以用in来描述的范围)
when 修饰时间
定语从句和状语从句的区别
I can go to shanghai, where I have many books.
定语从句: ,where... 修饰shanghai, 指在上海我有很多书
状语从句: ,where... 修饰的是go, 从句视为动作的条件
非谓语动词
先判断主谓宾
this book making me happy is good. 这里判断出making是谓语是非谓语,然后分析句子结构
非谓语动词也是动词,而凡是动词都需要想是谁发出的动词
- 没有逗号
I like this book making me happy. 可以视为一种定语从句,只用于修饰book,book是making动作的发出者 - 有逗号
I like this book, making me happy. 此时making的发出者可以为I, book, 或者I like this book.
如果动词ing打头且是非谓语,那么发出者一定是主语
Looking from a broad perspective, I know this is good. 此时looking的发出者是I
动名词作主语
Ving + 宾语 + 谓语(单数) + 宾语 Ving + 宾语作为主语
Thinking that you are good is good that you are good为宾语从句,和thinking组合作主语
形式主语
形式主语后面一般不加动词,如果后面出现动词,要去前文找指代
It is adj for sb. to do sth. It可以不翻译,看adj是否可以用来修饰to do sth
It is portable for me to use my laptop.(N) 使用笔记本不可以使用portable(便携)形容
It is convenient for me to use my laptop.(Y) 使用笔记本可以使用convenient(方便的)形容
It is adj that...
It is important that we should read books. 使用从句替换it,在实际翻译中可以省略it直接翻译
It seems important that you are right seem这类感官动词是系动词,可以视为is
同位语从句
解释名词内容,只能用that
I like this piece of news news that is fresh 定语从句,修饰名词
I like this piece of news news that I can read books 同位语,解释新闻
I like this idea/opinion/new/story that 同位语用于解释这些名词的内容,像学校这一类的词是一个概念,没有内容,不能使用同位语
There be
本质 there be + n. 整体是一个完整的句子,表示有
There are apples + 定语从句/非谓语/介词短语/同位语
There is no n. 没有
强调句
It is adj. for sb. to do sth.
It is ___ that ___ 去除It is 和 that后依然是完整的句子
It is What I was a kid that I could play soccer. 强调是小孩的时候可以踢足球
do + V.
I do like this book.
倒装句
本质 主谓宾 -> 宾谓主
- I love you.
- I am happy. -> happy am I.
- i am in school. -> in school am I. 介词短语前置
否定副词打头,后面句子半倒装
否定谓词 谓语 主语 宾语
I have rarely finished this.
rarely have i finished this. 将动词提前, 如果有助动词只需提前助动词
I could rarely finish this -> Rarely could I finish this.
否定副词:
only/rarely/seldom/hardly/nor/merely/barely/not only/neither/scarcely
with/without
With + 介词短语, 不能当主句,后面还要加主谓宾
With A doing/done sth., 伴随着... A是核心词,如果是doing, 表示A发出这个动作,为主动;如果是done,则表示被动
With this book that is red in China where you can play computers that are interesting making me happy, I will buy it. 这里this book为核心词,making me happy是发出的动作
without n.
作状语 修饰动词
在没有...的情况下
I can read this book without a computer
插入语
可以任何东西任何形式 可以用逗号隔开,也可以用破折号隔开
I like WTO, the/an organization that was established in 1990,WHO, and WCO 整体作为WTO的同位语,整体可以视为名词, organization本质上可以解释WTO
时态
一般过去时
I played soccer. 强调过去做了什么,只是描绘过去做了什么,对前后文无所谓
完成时
I have played soccer. 如果使用完成时,那么一定在语境中使用这个动作的影响来说明其他事情
一般现在时
一定会发生的
There are some reasons that might lead to this situation in the picture.(X) 无法直接用lead,因为一般现在时是一定会发生的,而此语境下不是,所以要用could/might
过去完成时
过去发生的事情对过去的某一段时间发生了影响,使用过去完成时,比如前天发生的事对昨天有影响,使用过去完成时,如果用现在完成时,那么是前天的事件到现在的影响 、
现在完成进行时
have been doing 一直,从过去到未来一直做